• Final in room B130 Van Vleck 12:25pm--2:25pm Tuesday, May 16
• cumulative
• 100 questions
• BRING CALCULATOR
• Hand in Homework #7
• Hand in Observing project
• Extra credit project due Friday
• Slight change in syllabus: review starts today
• please submit specific questions for Thursday

• The big picture
• The solar system
• the Sun
• 9 planets
• 7 major moons
• Why didn't we just start with Mercury?
• intro material
• scientific method
• scientific notation, units
• astronomical nomenclature
• nature of light and matter
• Laws of orbits, gravity
• telescopes
• Formation of solar system
• Earth and moon in detail, other planets, moons by analogy
• Specifics about each planet (not quite as important)
• Surface features
• volcanism, etc.
• atmosphere
• internal structure

• Name the 9 planets in order:
• Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, (asteroids), Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, (Kuiper belt, Oort cloud)
• Know the 7 major moons and which planet they orbit:
• The Moon: Earth
• Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto: Jupiter
• Titan: Saturn
• Triton: Neptune
• Know appearance of
• Sun
• Each planet
• typical asteroid
• comet
• Less important to know appearance of all of the 7 major moons BUT
• know that Io is very volcanic
• Europa has an active ice surface (ice rafts)
• Titan has a thick atmosphere

• Scientific method
• Observation
• Hypothesis
• Test under all circumstances (if possible)
• Check for unexpected results
• Group of correct hypothesis = theory
• If observation disagrees with hypothesis, modify hypothesis
• Scientific notation, units
• 1 AU = 1.4960 x 10⁸ km = 1.4960 x 10¹¹ m
• Astronomical nomenclature
• diurnal motion
• east to west daily motion of stars, sun
• really we rotate counter clockwise
• Celestial sphere, equator
• Lined up with Earth's rotation
• Ecliptic
• Lined up with Earth's orbit around Sun
• Equinoxes (fall, spring), Solstices (summer, winter)

• Electromagnetic radiation
• Long wavelength (red) low energy
• short wavelength (blue) high energy
• Frequency (n) to wavelength (l)

• Frequency (n) to energy (E):

• c = speed of light = 3 x 10⁸ m/s absolute speed limit
• h = Planck's constant = 4.135 x 10¹⁵ eV s
• h = 6.626 x 10^-34 J s (value given on final)
• Each element or molecule has its own unique set of spectral lines
• recall spectrum tubes (neon lights)
• USING SPECTRAL LINES, WE IDENTIFY ELEMENTS AND MOLECULES ON OTHER PLANETS, STARS, ETC.
• study of spectra is "spectroscopy"
• An atom contains a dense nucleus and is surrounded by electrons

• Kepler's Three Laws
• Planets orbit Sun in an ellipse with the Sun at one focus
• A line joining the planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time
• P² = a³ (Period, semi major axis --good for Sun only)
• Newton's universal law of gravitation

• m₁, m₂ masses of objects
• R separation distance
• G = 6.67 x 10^-11 newton m²/kg²
• Newton's form of Kepler's 3rd law (good anywhere)

Elliptical orbit

• Telescope's primary goal is to collect light
• the bigger it is, the more light it collects
• Two basic types:
• refracting -- uses lenses
• reflecting -- uses mirrors
• don't need to know all subtypes
• Can't see out of atmosphere at all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation
• Need to be above atmosphere for infrared and UV, X-ray, Gamma-ray

• Large cloud of hydrogen and helium (stuff from big Bang)
• Enriched with heavier elements by star barf (supernova explosions)
• Cloud self gravitates
• rotates
• collapses into central core plus disk
• planets form in disk from collisions with planetesimals
• collisions released a lot of energy and heat
• all planets used to be much warmer
• Inner (Terrestrial) planets have less gas than outer (Jovian) planets because of proximity to hot sun
• Analogy in Galilean satellites with icy material

• Geology
• Inner structure of Earth studied by seismic waves
• deduce dense elements (like iron) sank when Earth was first formed (and hot)
• Earth only planet with plate tectonics
• caused by convection (lava lamp effect) in outer mantle
• Hot spot volcanism (e.g. Hawaii) also found on other  planets like Venus and Mars
• Magnetic field carves out magnetosphere in solar wind
• traps charged particles which can cause Aurora Borealis (northern lights)
• Atmosphere
• circulation in atmosphere caused by convection (equator to poles) and rotation (east-west bands)

• Current best formation theory
• impact with Mars-sized object
• contrast:
• Galilean satellites probably formed with Jupiter
• Triton probably captured by Neptune
• After formation, didn't do much but get cratered
• number of craters indicates age of surface
• most active cratering soon after solar system formed
• some craters erased by lava flows
• lava probably released by large impacts, not volcanos
• The moon's gravity raises tides on the Earth
• distorts Earth into football shape
• two high tides per day
• tidal forces of earth on moon slowed moon's rotation so same side always faces Earth
• Synchronous rotation
• most other moons have synchronous rotation

• Sun
• Granules on Sun caused by convection
• Sunspots caused by wound up magnetic field
• number of spots cycle every 11 years
• related to solar prominences and flares
• solar flares effect satellites at Earth
• Sun steadily releases charged particles the flow outward
• Solar Wind
• source of particles that cause auroras
• Mercury
• Scarps are long cliffs
• 3-2  spin-orbit coupling
• Venus
• About same size as Earth
• Covered in clouds
• Greenhouse effect caused by carbon dioxide (CO₂)
• Mars
• Much smaller than Earth
• No active volcanos
• No liquid water now (but used to be)
• Water and CO₂ ice on surface
• Jupiter
• mostly hydrogen and helium gas/liquid
• small rocky core
• belts (dark), zones (bright)
• Galilean moons (Jupiter)
• Io's volcanos are sulfur dioxide (SO₂)
• Saturn
• rings are made of snowballs (all outer planets have rings)
• Titan may have hydrocarbon (ethane) lakes
• Uranus
• rotation axis tipped at 98 degrees
• rotates retrograde (like Venus, Pluto)
• Neptune
• internal heat source (like Jupiter, Saturn) causes more circulation than Uranus
• has more cloud features
• Pluto
• Pluto and its moon Charon always have the same faces pointed to eachother
• mutual co-rotation

• The big picture
• The solar system
• the Sun
• 9 planets
• 7 major moons
• Why didn't we just start with Mercury?
• intro material
• scientific method
• scientific notation, units
• astronomical nomenclature
• nature of light and matter
• Laws of orbits, gravity
• telescopes
• Formation of solar system
• Earth and moon in detail, other planets, moons by analogy
• Specifics about each planet (not quite as important)
• Surface features
• volcanism, etc.
• atmosphere
• internal structure